Question 1

If there is a widespread bias against African-American workers, an increase in the collective discrimination coefficients of employers will

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce the African-American wage rate, increase African-American employment, and lower the actual African-American-white wage ratio.
B)  reduce the African-American wage rate, decrease African-American employment, and lower the actual African-American-white wage ratio.
C)  increase the African-American wage rate, increase African-American employment, and increase the actual African-American-white wage ratio.
D)  increase the African-American wage rate, reduce African-American employment, and increase the actual African-American-white wage ratio.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 2

An employer is prejudiced, prefers to hire white rather than Hispanic workers, and is willing to pay higher wages to obtain white workers. This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  reverse discrimination.
B)  the crowding model.
C)  the taste-for-discrimination model.
D)  statistical discrimination.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

A cause of the unequal distribution of income in the United States is

Accepted Answer

A)  differences in work preferences and risks.
B)  differences in noncash transfers.
C)  high expenditures for social insurance.
D)  a low benefit-reduction rate for income.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 4

Refer to the diagram. If line (c) represents the pretax and transfer distribution of income in the United States, the posttax and transfer distribution is best represented by

Accepted Answer

A)  line (a) .
B)  line (b) .
C)  line (c) because taxes and transfers have no effect on income distribution.
D)  line (d) .E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 5

A particular woman is denied on-the-job training because women on average are more likely to drop out of the workforce than men. This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  occupational segregation.
B)  the crowding model.
C)  the taste-for-discrimination model.
D)  statistical discrimination.E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 6

The difference between income and wealth is that income

Accepted Answer

A)  is accumulated, while wealth is earned.
B)  refers to a flow of earnings, while wealth is the stock of assets one has.
C)  is measured at a point in time, while wealth is measured over a period of time.
D)  may not be in cash, while wealth is in cash.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 7

Refer to the table. The decline in percentage of income received from before taxes and transfers to after taxes and transfers is greatest for the

Accepted Answer

A)  third 20 percent of households.
B)  second 20 percent of households.
C)  highest 20 percent of households.
D)  fourth 20 percent of households.E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 8

Which of the following would be considered part of income?

Accepted Answer

A)  wages and salaries
B)  the value of a house
C)  corporate stock holdings
D)  money in a bank accountE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

Since the implementation of TANF in 1996, the U.S. welfare rolls have fallen by roughly one-half and participation remains low in 2017.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

The equality-efficiency trade-off would be most closely associated with which one of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
B)  The only way to create income equality is to take from the rich and give to the poor.
C)  If cutting the income pie in more equal slices tends to shrink the pie, what amount of shrinkage will society tolerate?
D)  People are less concerned with the larger question of income distribution than they are with the more specific issue of income inadequacy.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

Each of the following contributes to income inequality except

Accepted Answer

A)  differences in ability and training.
B)  differences in job tastes.
C)  differences in wealth ownership.
D)  government transfers.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Refer to the figure. A nation that has an income distribution of perfect equality would be represented by curve

Accepted Answer

A)  a.
B)  b.
C)  c.
D)  d.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

Assumptions: (1) the labor force comprises 9 million men and 9 million women workers; (2) the economy has 3 occupations, X, Y, and Z, each having identical demand curves for labor; (3) male and female workers are homogeneous with respect to their labor-market capabilities; (4) women are discriminated against by being excluded from occupations X and Y and are confined to Z; and (5) aside from discrimination, the economy is competitive, and workers seek to maximize their earnings.Refer to the diagram and list of assumptions. If discrimination is ended,

Accepted Answer

A)  men will leave occupations X and Y and enter occupation Z.
B)  4 million women will leave occupation Z, with 2 million entering occupation X and 2 million entering occupation Y.
C)  3 million women will leave occupation Z, with 1.5 million entering occupation X and 1.5 million entering occupation Y.
D)  3 million women will leave occupation Z, all of whom will enter industry X.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 14

The top 20 percent of U.S. income earners receive nearly 80 percent of total U.S. income.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which of the following is a major reason for the growing income inequality in the United States since 1980?

Accepted Answer

A)  higher marginal tax rates
B)  unemployment benefits
C)  rising number of skilled workers
D)  import competitionE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 16

If a prejudiced white employer behaves as if there is a disutility from hiring an African-American worker, then this disutility is measured by the

Accepted Answer

A)  employment coefficient.
B)  discrimination coefficient.
C)  occupational coefficient.
D)  affirmative action coefficient.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Medicaid

Accepted Answer

A)  helps finance medical expenses for those participating in the TANF and Supplemental Security Income programs.
B)  has been abandoned in favor of privately provided medical insurance.
C)  is a program of medical insurance for the aged and retired.
D)  is a compulsory national health insurance program that only covers preventative medical services.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 18

The distribution of wealth in the United States is such that it

Accepted Answer

A)  is randomly distributed among income classes.
B)  has no perceptible impact on the distribution of income.
C)  reduces income inequality.
D)  contributes to income inequality.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 19

In the taste-for-discrimination model,

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminatory employers behave as if employing nonpreferred-race workers adds to costs.
B)  individual workers are judged by the characteristics of the groups to which they belong.
C)  prejudiced white employers will never hire African-American workers.
D)  women and minorities are confined to a limited number of occupations.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 20

The crowding model of discrimination suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  women and selected minorities are systematically excluded from high-paying occupations and crowded into low-paying occupations, decreasing their wages and reducing domestic output.
B)  employers having high discrimination coefficients will be crowded out by nondiscriminating employers in the long run.
C)  firms will base hiring decisions on group averages, rather than on individual characteristics and productivity.
D)  occupational segregation is largely the result of freely made rational choices of women and minorities.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Exam 23: Income Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination

Refer to the diagram. If line (c) represents the pretax and transfer distribution of income in the United States, the posttax and transfer distribution is best represented by

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Which of the following would be considered part of income?

Correct Answer
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The distribution of wealth in the United States is such that it

Correct Answer
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Each of the following contributes to income inequality except

Correct Answer
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A particular woman is denied on-the-job training because women on average are more likely to drop out of the workforce than men. This illustrates

Correct Answer
verified

In the taste-for-discrimination model,

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is a major reason for the growing income inequality in the United States since 1980?

Correct Answer
verified

The difference between income and wealth is that income

Correct Answer
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Since the implementation of TANF in 1996, the U.S. welfare rolls have fallen by roughly one-half and participation remains low in 2017.

Correct Answer
verified

Refer to the table. The decline in percentage of income received from before taxes and transfers to after taxes and transfers is greatest for the

Correct Answer
verified

The top 20 percent of U.S. income earners receive nearly 80 percent of total U.S. income.

Correct Answer
verified

Refer to the figure. A nation that has an income distribution of perfect equality would be represented by curve

Correct Answer
verified

A cause of the unequal distribution of income in the United States is

Correct Answer
verified

If there is a widespread bias against African-American workers, an increase in the collective discrimination coefficients of employers will

Correct Answer
verified

Medicaid

Correct Answer
verified

The crowding model of discrimination suggests that

Correct Answer
verified

An employer is prejudiced, prefers to hire white rather than Hispanic workers, and is willing to pay higher wages to obtain white workers. This illustrates

Correct Answer
verified

If a prejudiced white employer behaves as if there is a disutility from hiring an African-American worker, then this disutility is measured by the

Correct Answer
verified

The equality-efficiency trade-off would be most closely associated with which one of the following statements?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 23: Income Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination

Refer to the diagram. If line (c) represents the pretax and transfer distribution of income in the United States, the posttax and transfer distribution is best represented by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would be considered part of income?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The distribution of wealth in the United States is such that it

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Each of the following contributes to income inequality except

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A particular woman is denied on-the-job training because women on average are more likely to drop out of the workforce than men. This illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the taste-for-discrimination model,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a major reason for the growing income inequality in the United States since 1980?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The difference between income and wealth is that income

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Since the implementation of TANF in 1996, the U.S. welfare rolls have fallen by roughly one-half and participation remains low in 2017.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Refer to the table. The decline in percentage of income received from before taxes and transfers to after taxes and transfers is greatest for the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The top 20 percent of U.S. income earners receive nearly 80 percent of total U.S. income.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Refer to the figure. A nation that has an income distribution of perfect equality would be represented by curve

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A cause of the unequal distribution of income in the United States is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If there is a widespread bias against African-American workers, an increase in the collective discrimination coefficients of employers will

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Medicaid

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The crowding model of discrimination suggests that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An employer is prejudiced, prefers to hire white rather than Hispanic workers, and is willing to pay higher wages to obtain white workers. This illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a prejudiced white employer behaves as if there is a disutility from hiring an African-American worker, then this disutility is measured by the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The equality-efficiency trade-off would be most closely associated with which one of the following statements?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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