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A pharmaceutical company has developed a new medication to treat anxiety. In order to check how well the medication responds, neither the experimenter nor the subjects know who received the medication. By doing this, the pharmaceutical company attempts to eliminate the chance of the subject's or experimenter's preconceived notions affecting the results. This is called:


A) experimenter bias.
B) double-blind design.
C) subject bias.
D) blind design.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Marty's dog always sits when Marty opens the cupboard to get the dog a biscuit. How would a behaviorist describe the dog's behavior?


A) The dog thinks that, if he sits, he will get a biscuit.
B) The dog is hungry, so his instincts tell him to sit.
C) The dog expects to get a biscuit when Marty opens the cupboard.
D) The dog sits when Marty opens the cupboard.

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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The principle that the mind and body exist as separate entities, each with different characteristics and governed by its own laws, is called:


A) associationism.
B) contiguity.
C) dualism.
D) nativism.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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Who believed that human ability is due to a combination of both nature and nurture?


A) Gottfried Leibniz
B) Plato
C) John Locke
D) Aristotle

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Who proposed connectionist models of the mind?


A) Clark Hull
B) Gordon Bower
C) David Rumelhart
D) George Miller

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Who believed that rats were forming a "cognitive map" when they learned to navigate through a maze?


A) Clark Hull
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) John B. Watson
D) Edward Tolman

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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People raised in different cultures often exhibit different behaviors (e.g., perceptual, social, motivational, etc.) How would an empiricist account for such differences across cultures? How would a nativist account for the differences?

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If a person looks at a golden retriever and a cocker spaniel and realizes the similarity that both of them are dogs, what process is the person using?


A) connectionist model
B) distributed representation
C) even distribution
D) stimulus sampling theory

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Someone who is highly trained in distinguishing different faces might still make occasional mistakes when presented with a particular face. How might this be explained by stimulus sampling theory?

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In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, the length of delay between learning and relearning was the _____ variable.


A) independent
B) dependent
C) confounding
D) extraneous

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Which description is an example of a stimulus in René Descartes' reflex arc?


A) a person being tapped on the shoulder
B) spirits flowing from the shoulder to the brain
C) spirits being reflected back from the brain to the muscles
D) a person turning around to see who has tapped him on the shoulder

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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In experimental psychology, the group that receives the treatment is referred to as the:


A) control group.
B) independent variable.
C) correlational group.
D) dependent variable.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Edward Tolman's research on the formation of cognitive maps in rats was important because it:


A) demonstrated that learning is based on stimulus-response association.
B) emphasized the importance of studying the role of internal representations in learning.
C) enabled him to devise a comprehensive mathematical model of animal learning.
D) demonstrated the importance of insight in learning.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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If a rat receives a food reward whenever it presses a lever, the likelihood of the rat pressing the lever will increase. This is an example of:


A) classical conditioning.
B) generalization.
C) the law of effect.
D) the learning curve.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Which statement is NOT one of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection?


A) The trait must be inheritable.
B) The trait must be able to be learned.
C) The trait must vary.
D) The trait must make the individual more fit to survive.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which statement predicts the law of effect?


A) If a tone is played while the dog is given food, the dog will eventually salivate in response to the tone.
B) If a child is bitten by a large black dog, the child will start to fear all dogs, not just large black dogs.
C) If a teenager is grounded for staying out past his curfew, he will come home on time in the future.
D) If one can remember a list of words for a few hours after studying it, one will be less likely to forget the list later on.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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John Watson's studies of rats running through mazes demonstrated that rats had learned to use their _____ to navigate.


A) vision and hearing
B) automatic set of motor habits
C) sense of smell
D) whiskers

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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Mary wants to encourage her son to work harder in school. She has decided to reward him with money for good grades and punish him by adding extra chores for bad grades. Mary's approach is MOST similar to the ideas of:


A) Edward Thorndike.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) Herbert Simon.
D) David Rumelhart.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Barry was in a car accident in which he was not wearing a seatbelt. He was not injured, and now, based on this experience, he believes that seatbelts are unnecessary. Barry exhibits the views of:


A) empiricism.
B) nativism.
C) associationism.
D) dualism.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

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How would Aristotle's three principles of association explain how people come to associate dog and cat?

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Grading criteria: 1) Contiguity-people s...

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