Question 1

The major function of the peripheral nervous system is to

Accepted Answer

A)   carry messages to and from the central nervous system.
B)   process information received from the central nervous system.
C)   regulate arousal.
D)   control hormonal activity.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 2

The most recent estimates are that genetics contribute approximately to the development of personality characteristics such as shyness or activity level.

Accepted Answer

A)   10-20%
B)   30-50%
C)   75-85%
D)   nothingE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 3

Recent evidence regarding the genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that

Accepted Answer

A)   single genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders.
B)   genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive.
C)   there is no evidence that genes influence psychopathology.
D)   multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 4

In the diathesis-stress model, "diathesis" refers to

Accepted Answer

A)   an inherited disorder.
B)   conditions in the environment that can trigger a disorder depending upon how severe the stressors are.
C)   an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder.
D)   the inheritance of multiple disorders.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 5

GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all examples of .

Accepted Answer

A)   electrical brain waves
B)   neurons
C)   neurotransmitters
D)   areas of the brainE) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 6

According to Eric Erikson, people

Accepted Answer

A)   only experience major change in adulthood.
B)   are fully developed by age 50.
C)   experience eight typical developmental crises across time.
D)   experience no developmental changes after adolescence.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 7

The major difference between the modern cognitive science idea of the unconscious and Freud's view of the unconscious is that Freud saw the unconscious as , whereas modern cognitive science views it as _.

Accepted Answer

A)   the function of the id; the result of multiple neuronal pathways interacting with the stimuli presented to the individual
B)   a seething caldron of emotional conflicts; neuronal pathways interacting with the stimuli presented to the individual
C)   the function of the superego; the ability to process, store, and act upon information without awareness
D)   a seething caldron of emotional conflicts; the ability to process, store, and act upon information without awarenessE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 8

Explain the principle of equifinality and its use in developmental psychopathology.

Accepted Answer

Equifinality indicates that a number of ...

Question 9

Some of the most recent research studies regarding genetic vs. environmental causes of disorders in animals and humans have suggested

Accepted Answer

A)   genetic influences are greater than originally observed because positive environmental conditions do not prevent disorders.
B)   genetics and the environment share equal roles in the development of all psychological disorders.
C)   the relative contributions of genetics and the environment in the development of psychological disorders are different for lower animals than for humans.
D)   genetic influences may have been oversimplified by previous studies (i.e., without sufficient environmental stress, the genetic predisposition may never be activated.) E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 10

Although the two halves of the cortex look alike structurally, the left hemisphere seems to be chiefly responsible for

Accepted Answer

A)   motor coordination.
B)   perceiving the world around us.
C)   creating images.
D)   verbal and other cognitive processes.E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 11

Psychoactive medications (drugs that impact our thoughts, emotions, and behavior) usually alter neurotransmitters in the brain. Explain how both an agonist and an antagonist operate on a neurotransmitter. Explain the process of blocking reuptake and the effect it has on a neurotransmitter.

Accepted Answer

Agonists increase the effects of a trans...

Question 12

Research studies using the procedure called "cross fostering" have shown that genetically emotional and reactive young animals raised by calm mothers tended to be

Accepted Answer

A)   calm.
B)   emotional and reactive.
C)   calm but emotional and reactive when raising their own young.
D)   emotional and reactive but calm when raising their own young.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 13

The area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is the .

Accepted Answer

A)   axon terminal
B)   soma
C)   synaptic cleft
D)   transmission cleftE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 14

Emotion is generally thought to be a(n)  elicited by a(n)  .

Accepted Answer

A)   cognition; behavior
B)   action tendency; threat
C)   affect; cognition
D)   physiological response; affective occurrenceE) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 15

One conclusion that can be drawn from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure (Greenough, et al., 1990; Wallace, et al., 1992)  is that

Accepted Answer

A)   early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and will absolutely determine whether or not the individual will develop a psychological disorder later in life.
B)   early psychological experience does not result in physical changes to the nervous system but can still influence whether or not one develops a psychological disorder.
C)   early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and influences vulnerability to psychological disorders later in life.
D)   early psychological experience has little to do with brain structure or later development of psychopathology.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 16

When we compare the incidence of psychological disorders across countries and cultures, we find that

Accepted Answer

A)   there is remarkable similarity in the rates of various disorders in different countries and cultures.
B)   all Western countries have a similar rate of common disorders, but this is not true for developing countries.
C)   developing countries have a much higher rate of psychological disorder than Western countries.
D)   there are enormous differences in the rates of various disorders in different countries and cultures.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

When therapists ask patients how they are feeling and how they are experiencing their disorder today, it is essentially taking "snapshots" of their lives at the moment. This approach to understanding psychopathology is criticized as incomplete by .

Accepted Answer

A)   lifespan psychologists
B)   cognitive-behaviorists
C)   humanists
D)   all mental health workersE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 18

Cross-fostering studies indicate that the environmental effects of early parenting

Accepted Answer

A)   had no effect on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.
B)   seem to override any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.
C)   had no effect on future generations in the expression of personality traits or temperament.
D)   had random effects on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 19

One important contribution of the work of Albert Bandura regarding modeling or observational learning is that

Accepted Answer

A)   much of our learned behavior depends upon our interactions with those around us.
B)   our learned behavior has much more to do with the types of consequences (reinforcements and punishments)  of our actions than our interactions with those around us.
C)   it is impossible to learn behavioral patterns without observing those around us.
D)   learning acquired through observation is much more resistant to extinction than behavior acquired through classical or operant conditioning.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 20

Inga is a charming and intelligent young lady who is well-liked by family and friends. Approximately of Inga's enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities can be attributed to genetic influence.

Accepted Answer

A)   25%
B)   50%
C)   75%
D)   100%E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Exam 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

Recent evidence regarding the genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Psychoactive medications (drugs that impact our thoughts, emotions, and behavior) usually alter neurotransmitters in the brain. Explain how both an agonist and an antagonist operate on a neurotransmitter. Explain the process of blocking reuptake and the effect it has on a neurotransmitter.

Correct AnswerverifiedAgonists increase the effects of a trans...View AnswerShow Answer

When therapists ask patients how they are feeling and how they are experiencing their disorder today, it is essentially taking "snapshots" of their lives at the moment. This approach to understanding psychopathology is criticized as incomplete by .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the diathesis-stress model, "diathesis" refers to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is the .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The major function of the peripheral nervous system is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Eric Erikson, people

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Inga is a charming and intelligent young lady who is well-liked by family and friends. Approximately of Inga's enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities can be attributed to genetic influence.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One conclusion that can be drawn from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure (Greenough, et al., 1990; Wallace, et al., 1992) is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When we compare the incidence of psychological disorders across countries and cultures, we find that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The major difference between the modern cognitive science idea of the unconscious and Freud's view of the unconscious is that Freud saw the unconscious as , whereas modern cognitive science views it as _.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cross-fostering studies indicate that the environmental effects of early parenting

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain the principle of equifinality and its use in developmental psychopathology.

Correct AnswerverifiedEquifinality indicates that a number of ...View AnswerShow Answer

Research studies using the procedure called "cross fostering" have shown that genetically emotional and reactive young animals raised by calm mothers tended to be

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all examples of .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although the two halves of the cortex look alike structurally, the left hemisphere seems to be chiefly responsible for

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Emotion is generally thought to be a(n) elicited by a(n) .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One important contribution of the work of Albert Bandura regarding modeling or observational learning is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The most recent estimates are that genetics contribute approximately to the development of personality characteristics such as shyness or activity level.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some of the most recent research studies regarding genetic vs. environmental causes of disorders in animals and humans have suggested

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Agonists increase the effects of a trans...
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Equifinality indicates that a number of ...
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