Question 1

Festinger and Carlsmith found that participants paid just $1 to lie to another student about how much they enjoyed a task displayed greater attitude change than those paid $20 to tell the same lie.These results are best explained by:

Accepted Answer

A)  the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B)  the insufficient justification effect.
C)  self-perception theory.
D)  the overjustification effect.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 2

Jill recently received a Botox injection to treat the wrinkles in her face.Since then,it has taken her longer to read sad stories in the newspaper and understand her teenage daughter's emotional outbursts.Which of the following best explains these side effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance
B)  self-perception theory
C)  self-presentation theory
D)  the overjustification effectE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 3

Which of the following illustrates the facial feedback effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mia goes out of her way to help others without expecting anything in return.
B)  Elton feels cheerful when he looks straight ahead and takes long,confident strides.
C)  Layla agrees to work in return for meager pay when she is forced and threatened.
D)  Noah starts disliking brain teasers when his parents give him incentives for solving them.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 4

Allison's parents are happy about the fact that she enjoys reading.They decide to encourage her reading habit by paying her $5 for each book she reads.According to the overjustification effect,how will Allison react to this new reward system?

Accepted Answer

A)  She will enjoy reading even more.
B)  She will become less interested in reading than earlier.
C)  She will become highly cautious when selecting books.
D)  Her attitude toward reading will remain the same.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 5

Which of the following theories states that when we are unsure of our attitudes,we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-presentation theory
B)  self-consistency theory
C)  cognitive dissonance theory
D)  self-perception theoryE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

Identify a similarity between dissonance theory and self-perception theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both assume that people justify or explain their behavior to reduce their internal discomfort.
B)  Both have been handed to people by nature.
C)  Both are products of human imagination.
D)  Both assume that people observe others' behavior and make reasonable inferences about their attitudes.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 7

_____ theory explains attitude change,while _____ theory explains attitude formation.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitive dissonance;self-perception
B)  Self-perception;cognitive dissonance
C)  Self-presentation;relative deprivation
D)  Relative deprivation;self-presentationE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 8

In the context of the overjustification effect,if you want Harry to spend less time watching MTV and more time watching PBS,you should:

Accepted Answer

A)  force Harry to watch PBS.
B)  punish Harry less for watching MTV but more for watching PBS.
C)  give rewards to Harry for watching MTV.
D)  punish Harry for watching MTV.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 9

According to Banaji and Greenwald (2013) ,the most widely used measure of implicit attitudes is the implicit association test (IAT) ,which _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  produces scores that remain the same in all instances
B)  proves to be the most reliable method of assessing and comparing individuals
C)  relies on fast responses and easy pairings to indicate strong conscious associations
D)  uses reaction times to measure how quickly people associate conceptsE) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

People's attitude toward religion is a(n) _____ predictor of whether they will go to religious services during the coming week.

Accepted Answer

A)  strong
B)  average
C)  poor
D)  reliableE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 11

According to the principle of _____,the effects of an attitude become more apparent when we look at a person's average behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance
B)  self-perception
C)  planned behavior
D)  aggregationE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 12

The effect of _____ on _____ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison.

Accepted Answer

A)  attitudes;behaviors
B)  roles;attitudes
C)  roles;behaviors
D)  attitudes;rolesE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 13

Grace assumes that she purchases a specific brand of olive oil regularly because she likes it.However,she later realizes that it is the only available brand in her locality.Which of the following theories of psychology best explains this example?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-perception theory
B)  social comparison theory
C)  drive theory
D)  attribution theoryE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 14

Dissonance theory insists that _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  people voluntarily internalize forced behavior contrary to popular belief
B)  encouragement and inducement should be enough to elicit a desired action
C)  attitudes should precede behaviors for which we feel some responsibility
D)  parents should refrain from using incentives to elicit a desired behaviorE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 15

Sarah strongly believes that it is wrong to steal.However,after she steals a bottle of nail polish from a store,her attitude toward shoplifters becomes significantly less harsh.Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance theory
B)  self-perception theory
C)  reinforcement theory
D)  role-playing theoryE) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 16

Dissonance theory explains attitude _____,whereas self-perception theory explains attitude _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  consistency;change
B)  change;consistency
C)  formation;change
D)  change;formationE) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 17

In the context of social thinking,which of the following illustrates self-perception theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Conor imagines himself dancing at a college event and begins to think of himself as a successful dancer.
B)  Kang starts smoking because his friends force him to do so and justifies his action by saying that smoking is a sign of maturity.
C)  Alica prefers socializing with people who are physically attractive rather than with those who lack physical charm.
D)  Irene requests her parents to gift her a car on her birthday even though she knows that they are not financially sound.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 18

How did Martens et al.(2007) investigate the idea that killing begets killing?

Accepted Answer

A)  by asking students to kill some bugs
B)  by asking students to shock a person of the opposite sex
C)  by asking students to shock a person of different descent
D)  by asking students to watch movies that involved killingE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 19

Although your mother had to nag you to clean your room as a child,she always praised your effort when you finished cleaning your room.Her comments likely _____ your intrinsic motivation to maintain a clean and hygienic environment as an adult without being nagged.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased
B)  decreased
C)  eliminated
D)  downgradedE) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

The attitudes that best predict behavior are:

Accepted Answer

A)  particularly formed by hearsay.
B)  less enduring to guide actions than other attitudes.
C)  generic rather than specific.
D)  readily accessible and stable.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Exam 4: Behavior and Attitudes

Jill recently received a Botox injection to treat the wrinkles in her face.Since then,it has taken her longer to read sad stories in the newspaper and understand her teenage daughter's emotional outbursts.Which of the following best explains these side effects?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Grace assumes that she purchases a specific brand of olive oil regularly because she likes it.However,she later realizes that it is the only available brand in her locality.Which of the following theories of psychology best explains this example?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Identify a similarity between dissonance theory and self-perception theory.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The effect of _____ on _____ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison.

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How did Martens et al.(2007) investigate the idea that killing begets killing?

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Dissonance theory insists that _____.

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In the context of social thinking,which of the following illustrates self-perception theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Banaji and Greenwald (2013) ,the most widely used measure of implicit attitudes is the implicit association test (IAT) ,which _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of the overjustification effect,if you want Harry to spend less time watching MTV and more time watching PBS,you should:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Allison's parents are happy about the fact that she enjoys reading.They decide to encourage her reading habit by paying her $5 for each book she reads.According to the overjustification effect,how will Allison react to this new reward system?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the principle of _____,the effects of an attitude become more apparent when we look at a person's average behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following illustrates the facial feedback effect?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Festinger and Carlsmith found that participants paid just $1 to lie to another student about how much they enjoyed a task displayed greater attitude change than those paid $20 to tell the same lie.These results are best explained by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following theories states that when we are unsure of our attitudes,we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People's attitude toward religion is a(n) _____ predictor of whether they will go to religious services during the coming week.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although your mother had to nag you to clean your room as a child,she always praised your effort when you finished cleaning your room.Her comments likely _____ your intrinsic motivation to maintain a clean and hygienic environment as an adult without being nagged.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dissonance theory explains attitude _____,whereas self-perception theory explains attitude _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ theory explains attitude change,while _____ theory explains attitude formation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sarah strongly believes that it is wrong to steal.However,after she steals a bottle of nail polish from a store,her attitude toward shoplifters becomes significantly less harsh.Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The attitudes that best predict behavior are:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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The effect of _ on _ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison.

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Dissonance theory explains attitude _,whereas self-perception theory explains attitude _.

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_ theory explains attitude change,while _ theory explains attitude formation.

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