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Exam 12: Learning Part 2

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Question 61

Multiple Choice

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Which of the following most clearly shows that an animal's biological makeup can affect the ease of learning an association?

A) Pavlov's dogs, bells, and salivation
B) Thorndike's cats in a puzzle box
C) Skinner's rats in an operant chamber
D) Garcia's conditioned taste aversion experiments

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Question 62

Multiple Choice

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With most behavior modification programs, once a terminal goal has been reached, it is a good idea to

A) stop the program abruptly.
B) phase the program out gradually by reducing the frequency or potency of the reinforcers.
C) switch from positive to negative reinforcement.
D) switch from a ratio to an interval schedule of reinforcement.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Question 63

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In classical conditioning a conditioned association is formed between a previously neutral, conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

When David's Uncle Don visits, Don always gives David an intense tickling and will only stop this "tickle-torture" when David says "Uncle". David's response of saying "Uncle" is strengthened through

In Pavlov's original demonstration of classical conditioning, salivation to the bell was the:

A three-year-old boy observes his father yelling at his mother every time she says something the father doesn't like. Based on principles of observational learning, in the future whenever the mother says something to the boy that he does not like, the boy is MOST likely to do which of the following?

Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus and does NOT respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

The rapid acquisition of conditioned taste aversions is consistent with Domjan's focus on

Angela used to really enjoy diving for her school team, but at their most recent diving practice she hit her head on the diving board during her last dive. Since then she hasn't attended any of the team practices, and she refuses to dive. In this case, hitting her head on the board acted as

According to the Skinner, if an event following a response leads to a decrease in an organism's tendency to make that response, reinforcement has occurred.

After watching his father wash the car, five-year-old Bob washes his bike. This is an example of

Classical conditioning is to the autonomic nervous system as ____ is to the somatic nervous system.

The contingencies are as follows: if the response occurs, a stimulus is presented; if the response does not occur, the stimulus is not presented. Under this procedure the strength of the response decreases. What procedure is being used?

A rat is reinforced for the first lever-pressing response that occurs, on the average, after 60 seconds. Which schedule is the rat on?

When using punishment in a self-modification program, you should

The fact that the principles of conditioning are routinely applied in homes, businesses, schools, and factories show that the causes of behavior are multifactorial.

Your spouse withdraws attention from you each time you begin criticizing her cooking. Eventually, you stop criticizing your spouse's cooking. The withdrawal of attention can be categorized as

Describe how negative reinforcement differs from punishment. In general, reinforcement causes response likelihoods to increase. Responses can be strengthened (reinforced) either by presenting positive reinforcers or by removing negative reinforcers. Negative reinforcement the likelihood of behavior by allowing the organism to escape or avoid aversive stimuli. In escape learning, an organism learns to perform a behavior that decreases or ends aversive stimulation (turning on the air conditioner). In avoidance learning, an organism learns to prevent or avoid some aversive stimulation (turn on the a/c before it gets too hot). In general, punishment causes response likelihoods to decrease. Punishment occurs when an event following a response the tendency to make that response. Punishment is much more than disciplinary procedure; punishment may involve presentation of an aversive stimulus (spanking) or removal of a rewarding stimulus (taking away TV).

Which of the following statements about punishment is LEAST accurate?

Rafael's brother always says, "I'm going to get you" just before he hits Rafael. Alan's brother sometimes says, "I'm going to get you" just before he hits Alan; other times he just hits Alan with no warning. Based on the work by Rescorla you should predict that when these boys hear the words, "I'm going to get you," Rafael will show